Amplifier circuit

ABSTRACT

An amplifier circuit comprises an input, for receiving an input signal to be amplified; a preamplifier, for amplifying the input signal based on a variable gain; a power amplifier for amplifying the signal output from the preamplifier, and a variable voltage power supply for supplying one or more supply voltages to the power amplifier. The supply voltages are adjusted based on the variable gain or the input digital signal. According to other aspects of the invention, a power supply of an amplifier circuit is clocked using a clock signal, whereby the clock signal has a frequency that varies in accordance with a volume signal or an input signal.

This invention relates to amplifier circuits, and in particular but notexclusively to amplifier circuits that include power amplifiers.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 1 shows a basic Class AB amplifier 10. A bipolar (i.e. split level)power supply outputs the voltages V₊, V⁻ and these output voltages areapplied across the amplifier 10, which amplifies the input signal S_(in)and outputs a ground-referenced amplified output signal S_(out) to aload 20. Provided the voltages supplied to the amplifier 10 aresufficient, the amplifier 10 has a substantially linear amplification(ignoring crossover effects). That is, the voltages V₊, V⁻ output fromthe power supply must be adequate so as to avoid output signal“clipping”, i.e. attenuation of the output when the signal nears, equalsor exceeds the voltages V₊, V⁻ output from the power supply to theamplifier. This is avoided by having “headroom” between the maximumoutput signal S_(outmax) and the power supply rails.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing S_(out) where S_(in) is a sine wave.

In this example, V₊ and V⁻ are set sufficiently high so that the inputsine wave is linearly amplified. That is, there is a small amount ofheadroom between V₊ and V⁻ and the maximum output signal, so that thesignal is not clipped.

The shaded region of the graph is representative of the power wasted inthe amplifier 10; it can be seen that the amplifier 10 is very efficientwhen the output is close to V₊ or V⁻, but very inefficient when theoutput is close to 0 V (GND). That is, a large amount of power is stillbeing expended by the amplifier 10 even when the output signal S_(out)is small. The maximum theoretical efficiency for a class AB amplifier is78.5%.

Class G amplifiers overcome this limitation on efficiency by providingmore than one set of power supply rails, i.e. supply voltages. That is,as shown in FIG. 3, the amplifier may run off one power supply V₊-V⁻ ifthe output signal S_(out) is reasonably large, or another smaller powersupply V_(p)-V_(n) if the output signal S_(out) is small. Ideally, aninfinite number of power supply rails would be provided, such that thevoltage supplied to the amplifier effectively “tracks” the input signal,always providing just enough voltage so that there is no clipping.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a Class G amplifier 50.

A digital signal S_(in) to be amplified is input to the amplifier 50.The digital input signal is first converted to an analogue signal by adigital-to-analogue converter (DAC) 51. The resulting analogue signal isfed to an envelope detector 52. The envelope detector 52 detects thesize of the envelope of the analogue output signal of the DAC 51, andoutputs a control signal to a switching DC-DC converter 54. The controlsignal is indicative of the size of the envelope of the analogue outputof the DAC 51. The DC-DC converter 54 then supplies voltages V₊ and V⁻to a power amplifier 56 by charging respective capacitors 58, 60. Thevoltages V₊ and V⁻ supplied by the DC-DC converter 54 vary with thecontrol signal from the envelope detector 52, such that a relativelylarge envelope will lead to a relatively high voltage supplied to thepower amplifier 56; conversely, a small envelope will lead to arelatively small voltage being supplied to the power amplifier 56, sothat less power is wasted.

V₊ is supplied to one terminal of a first capacitor 58, and V⁻ issupplied to one terminal of a second capacitor 60. The second terminalsof the respective capacitors 58, 60 are connected to ground. The DC-DCconverter 54 is switched on and off at a fixed frequency F_(s), so thatthe capacitors 58, 60 are alternately charged and discharged, with anapproximately constant voltage being applied to the power amplifier 56provided the envelope of the analogue signal does not change.

FIG. 5 is a schematic graph illustrating the voltage across one of thecapacitors 58, 60 (in practice the charge and discharge profiles of thecapacitor will be exponential curves). At time t₀, the DC-DC converter54 is switched on and the capacitor begins to charge. At time t₁, theDC-DC converter 54 is switched off and the capacitor begins todischarge. At time t₂, the DC-DC converter 54 is switched on and thecapacitor begins to charge again. This action repeats, such that thevoltage across the capacitor is maintained at an approximately constantlevel, with a small amount of variation known as the “ripple voltage”.The time period between t₀ and t₂, therefore, is 1/F_(s).

In parallel with the envelope detection discussed above, the analogueoutput signal of the DAC 51 in FIG. 4 is fed through an analogue delay62 to a preamplifier 63, typically a programmable gain amplifier (PGA),which amplifies the delayed signal by a gain set in accordance with areceived control signal (i.e. the volume). The output from thepreamplifier 63 is fed to the power amplifier 56, where it is amplifiedand output to a load 64. The analogue delay 62 is necessary so that thepower modulation achieved by the envelope detection is synchronized withthe signal arriving at the power amplifier 56.

However, analogue delays often cause distortion of the signal; thelonger the delay that is required, the worse the distortion of thedelayed signal. Conventionally, to minimize this effect, the envelopedetection and power modulation must be made to operate as quickly aspossible; that is, the DC-DC converter 54 must react quickly to changesin the input signal. However, this approach also has drawbacks. Forexample, where the power amplifier 56 is used to amplify an audiosignal, a DC-DC converter that operates at the frequencies necessary toreduce distortion in the signal may itself generate noise tones that areaudible to a user.

In practice, a compromise needs to be reached between distortion of thesignal and noise generated by the power supply.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided anamplifier circuit comprising: an input, for receiving an input signal tobe amplified; a preamplifier, for amplifying the input signal based on avariable gain; a power amplifier for amplifying the signal output fromthe preamplifier; a variable voltage power supply for supplying power tothe power amplifier, said power being adjusted based on the variablegain.

According to a related aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of amplifying a signal, comprising the steps of:receiving an input signal; amplifying the input signal in a preamplifierbased on a variable gain; supplying power from a variable voltage powersupply to a power amplifier; and amplifying the analogue signal in thepower amplifier, wherein the variable voltage power supply is controlledbased on the input signal and the variable gain.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is providedan amplifier circuit, comprising: an input, for receiving an inputdigital signal to be amplified; a delay block for delaying the inputdigital signal and outputting an analogue signal, the delay blockcomprising a digital-to-analogue converter for receiving the digitalsignal and converting the digital signal to an analogue signal; a poweramplifier for amplifying the analogue signal; and a variable voltagepower supply for supplying at least one supply voltage to the poweramplifier, wherein the at least one supply voltage supplied by thevariable voltage power supply is controlled based on the input digitalsignal.

According to a related aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of amplifying a signal. The method comprises the steps of:receiving an input digital signal; converting the delayed digital signalto analogue; supplying at least one supply voltage from a variablevoltage power supply to a power amplifier; and amplifying the analoguesignal in the power amplifier, wherein the at least one supply voltagesupplied by the variable voltage power supply is controlled based on theinput digital signal.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is providedan amplifier circuit, comprising: an input, for receiving an inputsignal to be amplified; a preamplifier, for amplifying the input signalbased on a volume signal; a power amplifier for amplifying the signaloutput from the preamplifier; a clock generator for generating a clocksignal, the clock signal having a frequency that varies in accordancewith the volume signal; and a switched power supply for receiving saidclock signal, switching at said clock signal frequency, and supplying atleast one supply voltage to the power amplifier.

According to a related aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of amplifying a signal. The method comprises the steps ofreceiving an input signal; amplifying the input signal in a preamplifierin accordance with a volume signal; supplying at least one supplyvoltage from a switched power supply to a power amplifier; andamplifying the signal output from the preamplifier in the poweramplifier, wherein the switched power supply is switched at a frequencythat varies in accordance with the volume signal.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is providedan amplifier circuit, comprising: an input, for receiving an inputsignal to be amplified; a power amplifier for amplifying the inputsignal; a clock generator for generating a clock signal, the clocksignal having a frequency that varies with the input signal; and aswitched power supply for receiving said clock signal, switching at saidclock signal frequency, and supplying at least one supply voltage to thepower amplifier.

According to a related aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of amplifying a signal. The method comprises the steps of:receiving an input signal; supplying at least one supply voltage from aswitched power supply to a power amplifier; and amplifying the inputsignal in the power amplifier, wherein the switched power supply isswitched at a frequency that varies in accordance with the input signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show moreclearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made,by way of example, to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a basic class AB amplifier;

FIG. 2 shows an output signal from the amplifier of FIG. 1 when theinput signal is a sine wave;

FIG. 3 illustrates dual supply rails used in an amplifier;

FIG. 4 shows a typical class G amplifier;

FIG. 5 is a schematic graph modelling the voltage across one of thecapacitors in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows an amplifier according to one aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 7 shows an amplifier according to another aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 shows an amplifier according to another aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 shows an amplifier according to another aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10 shows another amplifier;

FIG. 11 shows an example of the switches that may be used in theamplifier of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 shows an example implementation of the switches of FIGS. 10 and11;

FIG. 13 shows a further amplifier;

FIGS. 14 a and 14 b show a first charge pump suitable for use with anyof the amplifiers of the present invention; and

FIGS. 15 a and 15 b show a second charge pump suitable for use with anyof the amplifiers of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 6 shows an amplifier 100 for use in amplifying audio signalsaccording to one aspect of the present invention. However, it will beappreciated that the amplifier 100 can be used for amplifying many othertypes of signal.

The amplifier 100 receives a digital input signal to be amplified. Thedigital input signal is input to an envelope detector 102. The envelopedetector 102 detects the size of the envelope of the digital inputsignal and outputs a control signal 103 to a variable voltage powersupply (VVPS) 104. The control signal 103 output to the VVPS 104 isindicative of the size of the detected envelope. The VVPS 104 in turnprovides two voltages V₊ and V⁻ to a power amplifier 106 by chargingrespective capacitors 108, 110. As the control signal 103 from theenvelope detector 102 varies, the voltages V₊ and V⁻ supplied by theVVPS 104 vary such that a control signal indicative of a relativelylarge envelope will lead to a relatively high voltage supplied to thepower amplifier 106; conversely, a control signal indicative of arelatively small envelope will lead to a relatively small voltage beingsupplied to the power amplifier 106, so that less power is wasted.

V₊ is supplied to one terminal of a first capacitor 108, and V⁻ issupplied to one terminal of a second capacitor 110. The second terminalsof the respective capacitors 108, 110 are connected to ground. The VVPS104 is switched on and off at a frequency F_(s), so that the capacitors108, 110 are alternately charged and discharged, with an approximatelyconstant voltage being supplied to the power amplifier 106 provided, theenvelope of the digital input signal does not change.

The control signal 103 may have a high number of bits, for representingthe size of the envelope with a high degree of accuracy. Alternatively,the control signal 103 may have only a single bit.

In parallel with the envelope detection, the digital input signal isinput to a digital filter 112. The filtered signal is then input to asigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator 114. The modulated filtered signal is inputto a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) 116, and converted to ananalogue signal.

The effect of the filter 112, sigma-delta modulator 114 and DAC 116 isto convert the digital signal to an analogue signal so that it may beamplified, and to delay the signal so that its arrival at the poweramplifier 106 is synchronized with the correct voltage levels asdetermined by the envelope detector 102. Thus in principle all that isrequired is a digital delay and a DAC. In the example shown in FIG. 6,the delay is primarily introduced in the digital filter 112, althoughthe sigma-delta modulator 114 and DAC 116 also have inherent delays. Thesigma-delta modulator 114 reduces the word length of the input signal aswill be familiar to those skilled in the art. This simplifies the DAC116, as the input signal may be complex (audio signals typically have 24bits), and designing a 24-bit DAC is very difficult. By reducing theword length using the sigma-delta modulator 114, or any other suitableword-length reduction block, the design of the DAC 116 is greatlysimplified. The sigma-delta modulator 114 requires that the signal beupsampled, and this is the purpose of the digital filter 112.

The analogue output signal of the DAC 116 is input to a preamplifier 118that amplifies the signal by a variable gain. The variable gain is setby a control signal, which in this particular example is the volumesignal. In the majority of audio applications, the variable gain willtypically be an attenuation, in order to improve the signal to noiseratio (SNR).

The preamplified signal is output from the preamplifier 118 to the poweramplifier 106, where it is amplified and output to a load 120, such as,for example, a speaker, a set of headphones, or a line-out connector.

The amplifier 100 has a number of advantages over the amplifier 50described with respect to FIG. 4. By detecting the envelope of thedigital input signal, the amplifier 100 can make use of digital delaysto delay the signal in parallel to the envelope detection. Digitaldelays are easy to implement and do not lead to distortion of thesignal. Further, the digital delay can be easily adapted so the VVPS 104need not operate as quickly as in the prior art, and so no tones aregenerated that may be audible to the user.

As described above, the digital delay can be realized using one or moreprocesses that have an inherent delay. For example, the arrangementshown in FIG. 6 (i.e. the combination of the digital filter 112 and thesigma-delta modulator 114) simplifies the DAC 116 and also delays thesignal; however, equalizer circuitry could be used to modulate and delaythe signal; alternatively stereo or 3D processing would also delay thesignal. This list is not exhaustive, however; any process or combinationof processes that delays the signal could be used. It will also beappreciated that the delay could be provided by the DAC 116 alone.

The envelope detector 102 may take a number of forms that would befamiliar to a person skilled in the art. For example, the envelopedetector 102 may detect the envelope and compare it with some thresholdvalue. In the case where the control signal 103 is only a single bit,the envelope detector 102 may comprise a comparator, that compares theenvelope with a threshold value. If the envelope is below the threshold,the VVPS 104 will provide a relatively low voltage; if the envelope isabove the threshold, the VVPS 104 will provide a relatively highvoltage.

According to another example, the control signal 103 may be deriveddirectly from the digital input signal, for example based on a certainbit, such as the most significant bit (MSB) of the input signal.According to this example, when the MSB is high the VVPS 104 willprovide the higher supply voltage to the power amplifier 106; when theMSB is low the VVPS will provide the lower supply voltage to the poweramplifier 106.

It will be appreciated that further bits of accuracy may be provided tothe control signal 103, for example when using multiple power supplyrails or voltage levels for powering the power amplifier 106, by usingadditional comparators and corresponding threshold values.

The variable voltage power supply, 104 may take any one of a number offorms familiar to those skilled in the art. The VVPS 104 may be a chargepump, a DC-DC converter, or other switched-mode power supply. Further,although the VVPS 104 shown is a switched power supply, the amplifier100 may use a non-switched power supply (e.g. a linear regulator). Also,the VVPS 104 shown in FIG. 6 provides a positive and a negative voltageoutput to the power amplifier; however, this is not necessary. The VVPSmay supply only one voltage to the power amplifier. FIGS. 14 and 15,described below, illustrate two charge pumps that may be used as theVVPS 104.

FIG. 7 shows an amplifier 200 according to another aspect of the presentinvention.

The amplifier 200 is similar to the amplifier 100 described with respectto FIG. 6, with the exception of a number of components which will bedescribed in more detail below. Components which are common to bothamplifiers 100, 200 have retained their original reference numerals andwill not be described further. The envelope detector 202 and VVPS 204act in a similar way to their counterparts in the amplifier 100;however, the operation of either or both may be adjusted as describedbelow.

In the amplifier 200, the control signal (i.e. volume signal) which isapplied to the preamplifier 118 in order to set the variable gain in thepreamplifier 118, is also used to adjust the voltages supplied to thepower amplifier 106.

As described above, the variable gain applied in the preamplifier 118 istypically an attenuation in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.However, in the amplifier 100 the envelope detection, and therefore thevoltages supplied to the power amplifier 106, is based on the full inputsignal. All of the gain in the system is present after the envelopedetection. Thus, in the event that the volume results in an attenuation,there will be power wastage; if the volume results in a gain, there willbe clipping of the signal output from the power amplifier 106.

There are a number of ways of achieving the application of volume to theenvelope detection.

The input signal may be modified by the volume control signal beforeentering the envelope detector 202, such that the volume is alreadyaccounted for in the detected envelope (for example, the input signalmay be multiplied by the volume signal).

Alternatively, the control signal output from the envelope detector 202to the VVPS 204 may be modified by the volume, such that the VVPS 204can adjust its voltage output accordingly (for example, the controlsignal may be multiplied by the volume). This latter method has theadvantage of increasing the resolution of the system; the envelopedetector 202 can use the full input signal to detect the envelope.Alternatively, the detecting mechanism of the envelope detector 202 maybe adapted by the volume, in order to output a control signal that isadjusted for the volume. In a further alternative method, the output ofthe VVPS 204 may be adapted by the volume, so that the voltages suppliedto the power amplifier 106 are adjusted for the volume.

The discussion above has described the application of the volume controlsignal not only to the pre-amplifier 118, as is conventional in order toset the variable gain within the pre-amplifier 118, but also to theenvelope detection of the input signal. However, it will also beapparent to one skilled in the art that the variable gain itself may beapplied to the envelope detection of the input signal. References aboveand below to adapting or modifying a quantity or signal “based on thevolume” also therefore cover adapting that quantity or signal based onthe variable gain; the variable gain in the pre-amplifier by definitionvaries in accordance with the volume control signal, and thus varying ormodifying a quantity or signal based on the variable gain is equivalentto indirectly varying or modifying that quantity or signal based on thevolume.

The concept described above of applying volume to envelope detection inan amplifier, has so far been discussed only in relation to a digitalinput signal and a mixed-signal amplifier. However, it may easily beseen by one skilled in the art that application of volume gain toenvelope detection will equally have benefits in a system with ananalogue input signal and an analogue amplifier, as described withreference to FIG. 4. For example, in the amplifier 50, the volume may beapplied either before, during or after the envelope detection inenvelope detector 52, as described earlier with reference to amplifier200 and FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 shows an amplifier 300 according to another aspect of theinvention.

The amplifier 300 is similar to the amplifier 100 described with respectto FIG. 6, with the exception of a number of components which will bedescribed in more detail below. Components which are common to bothamplifiers 100, 300 have retained their original reference numerals andwill not be described further. The envelope detector 302 and VVPS 304act in a similar way to their counterparts in the amplifier 100;however, the operation of either or both may be adjusted as describedbelow.

Similarly to the amplifiers described previously, the capacitors 108,110 are charged when the VVPS 104 is switched on, and discharged whenthe VVPS 104 is switched off. As stated above, the magnitude of the riseand fall of the voltage across the capacitors 108, 110 is known as the“ripple voltage” (see FIG. 5).

In order to reduce the ripple voltage across the capacitors 108, 110,the switching frequency of the VVPS 304, F_(s), may be increased so thatthe capacitors 108, 110 do not discharge as much before being recharged.However, increasing the switching frequency F_(s) will result in greaterpower consumption within the VVPS 304 itself, as it will be switched ona greater number of times in a given period.

The rate of discharge of the capacitors 108, 110 is dependent on theamount of power that is dissipated in the load 120, which is in turndependent on the signal amplified by the power amplifier 106. Before thesignal reaches the power amplifier 106, its envelope is detected and avariable gain (as set by the volume control signal) is applied to theinput signal of the pre-amplifier 118. Both of these factors (i.e. thesignal envelope and the volume) have an effect on the signal that isinput to the power amplifier 106.

The amplifier 300 comprises a clock generator 306, that receives thevolume control signal and generates a clock signal with a frequencyF_(s)′. The frequency F_(s)′ of the clock signal is adapted to berelatively high when the volume is relatively high, and relatively lowwhen the volume is relatively low. The clock signal is output to theVVPS 304, such that the VVPS 304 switches at the frequency F_(s)′.Therefore, at higher volumes, where the current drawn in the load 120 ishigh, and thus the capacitors 108, 110 discharge relatively rapidly, theswitching frequency F_(s)′ of the VVPS 304 is also high. This means thevoltage across the capacitors 108, 110 is maintained at an adequatelevel.

Conversely, if the volume is relatively low, less current will be drawnin the load 120, and therefore the voltage across the capacitors 108,110 will discharge relatively slowly. In this instance, the switchingfrequency F_(s)′ may be lower, as the capacitors 108, 110 will not needto be charged as frequently, and therefore power is saved. Although theembodiment of FIG. 8 is described as having first and second switchingfrequencies, it will be appreciated that multiple switching frequenciesmay be adopted.

FIG. 9 shows an amplifier 400 according to another aspect of theinvention.

The amplifier 400 is similar to the amplifier 100 described with respectto FIG. 6, with the exception of a number of components which will bedescribed in more detail below. Components which are common to bothamplifiers 100, 400 have retained their original reference numerals andwill not be described further. The envelope detector 402 and VVPS 404act in a similar way to their counterparts in the amplifier 100;however, the operation of either or both may be adjusted as describedbelow.

As described above, for a given load 120, the amount of current drawn inthe load 120 depends on the size of the envelope of the input signal. Inview of this, the amplifier 400 comprises a clock generator 406 thatreceives a further control signal from the envelope detector 402. Theclock generator 406 generates a clock signal with a frequency F_(s)′.The clock signal is output to the VVPS 404, such that the VVPS 404switches at the frequency F_(s)′. Therefore, when the signal envelope islarge, the current drawn in the load 120 will be high, and thus thecapacitors 108, 110 will discharge relatively rapidly. Therefore, theswitching frequency F_(s)′ of the VVPS 404 is also high, such that thevoltage across the capacitors 108, 110 is maintained at an adequatelevel.

Conversely, if the signal envelope is relatively low, less current willbe drawn in the load 120, and therefore the voltage across thecapacitors 108, 110 will discharge relatively slowly. In this instance,the switching frequency F_(s)′ may be lower, as the capacitors 108, 110will not need to be charged as frequently, and therefore power is saved.Although the embodiment of FIG. 9 is described as having first andsecond switching frequencies, it will be appreciated that multipleswitching frequencies may be adopted.

Both amplifiers 300, 400 may be adapted so that the switching frequencyof the VVPS 304, 404 takes into account both the signal envelope and thevolume. This may be achieved in a number of ways. For example, thevolume may be applied to the envelope detector 302, 402 as describedwith reference to FIG. 7. That is, in amplifier 400 the signal may bemodified by the volume before the envelope is detected in the envelopedetector 402 (for example, the signal may be multiplied by the volume);or the control signal output from the envelope detector 402 to the clockgenerator 406 may be modified by the volume (for example, the controlsignal may be multiplied by the volume). In amplifier 300, the envelopedetector 302 may output a control signal to the clock generator 306 suchthat both the envelope and the volume are taken into account whengenerating the clock signal. The person skilled in the art will be ableto think of a multitude of ways in which the volume, the envelope, andtheir combination may be used to alter the switching frequency of theVVPS.

Further, it may easily be seen by one skilled in the art thatapplication of volume, signal envelope, or their combination to theswitching frequency will equally have benefits in a system with ananalogue input signal and an analogue amplifier. Thus, an analogueamplifier, for example as described with reference to FIG. 4, wouldcomprise a clock generator as described with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9,and operate in essentially the same way.

Two sources of power losses in switching power supplies are conductionlosses and switching losses. Conduction losses relate to the powerdissipated by each switch of the switching power supply, and switchinglosses relate to the power dissipated in switching, i.e. driving, eachswitch. Typically switching power supplies use MOSFETs as the switchingelements. A large MOSFET has a lower channel resistance, i.e.drain-source resistance R_(DS), than a relatively smaller MOSFET for agiven current. However, because of its relatively larger gate area, alarge MOSFET will require a higher gate charge which results in greaterswitch driver current losses, i.e. switching losses, than smallerMOSFETs, for a given frequency of operation. While switching losses aretypically less significant than conductive losses at high outputcurrents, switching losses lead to significant inefficiencies at lowoutput currents.

Thus, each time the VVPS is switched, the internal switches of thecharge pump, for example, typically used to adjust the output voltage ofthe charge pump, expend some energy. This switching-loss energy is equalto ½CV², where C is the capacitance of the switch, and V the voltageacross the switch. Thus, in addition to being switched on a higherpercentage of the time, the mere act of switching expends energy.

As mentioned above, the MOSFET switches in the VVPS have an inherentgate capacitance and an inherent channel resistance R_(DS). ResistanceR_(DS) is proportional to L/W, where L is the channel length of theMOSFET switch and W its channel width. The gate capacitance isproportional to the product WL.

R∝L/W

C∝WL

Therefore, increasing the width of a MOSFET switch increases its gatecapacitance, and decreases its resistance. Decreasing the width has theopposite effect.

Many different types of switch may be used in the VVPS, e.g. singleMOSFETs, transmission gates (i.e. NMOS and PMOS transistors), etc.However, the basic principle stated above is the same for each MOSswitch type. The energy expended in operating the MOS switch is ½CV²,and the capacitance is proportional to the gate area (WL) of the switch.

FIG. 10 shows a further amplifier 500.

The amplifier 500 is similar to the amplifier 100 described with respectto FIG. 6, with the exception of a number of components which will bedescribed in more detail below. Components which are common to bothamplifiers 100, 500 have retained their original reference numerals andwill not be described further. The envelope detector 502 and VVPS 504act in a similar way to their counterparts in the amplifier 100;however, the operation of either or both may be adjusted as describedbelow.

The amplifier 500 further comprises a switch select block 506 thatreceives the volume control signal and outputs a control signal 505 tothe VVPS 504. The control signal 505 directs the VVPS 504 to adapt itsswitches as will be described in more detail below with reference toFIGS. 11 and 12.

FIG. 11 shows one example of the switches that may be used in VVPS 504.Two switches 550, 552 are connected in parallel between an input voltageV_(in) and an output voltage V_(out). The first switch 550 iscomparatively wide, and therefore has a comparatively low resistance anda high capacitance. The second switch 552 is narrower, and so has ahigher resistance but a lower capacitance. In order to output a highvoltage, low resistance is required in the switches of the VVPS 504(i.e. in order to transfer as much as possible of V_(in) across toV_(out)). Therefore the wide switch 550 is used in this instance. Agreater amount of energy is expended as capacitance C is high, but thisis necessary in order to achieve an adequate V_(out).

However, if only a low output voltage is required, the resistance in theswitches may be higher. Therefore, in this instance the narrower switch552 could be used. The capacitance of the narrower switch 552 is lower,so less energy is spent in operating it. Although FIG. 11 shows just twoswitches, 550, 552 it will be appreciated that multiple switches, eachhaving a different “width”, may also be used.

FIG. 12 shows one possible implementation of the switches 550 and 552. Asingle switch 560 may be split unevenly as shown, into regions 562 and564. This arrangement gives three possible switch widths: the smallestregion 564; the larger region 562; and a region combining both 562 and564. Alternatively, multiple switches may be provided, and differentnumbers of switches turned on in order to adapt the overall resistanceand capacitance to desired values.

It can now be seen how the switch select block 506 in the amplifier 500operates to reduce the power consumption of the amplifier 500. If thevolume is high, a greater amount of voltage will be required in thecapacitors 108, 110. Therefore, in this instance, the switch selectblock 506 directs the VVPS 504 to use relatively wide switches. If thevolume is low, less voltage is required in the capacitors 108, 110. Inthis instance, the switch select block 506 directs the VVPS 504 to userelatively narrow switches, such that the switching losses in the VVPS504 are minimized.

FIG. 13 shows a further amplifier 600.

The amplifier 600 is similar to the amplifier 100 described with respectto FIG. 6, with the exception of a number of components which will bedescribed in more detail below. Components which are common to bothamplifiers 100, 600 have retained their original reference numerals andwill not be described further. The envelope detector 602 and VVPS 604act in a similar way to their counterparts in the amplifier 100;however, the operation of either or both may be adjusted as describedbelow.

The amplifier 600 further comprises a switch select block 606 thatreceives a control signal from the envelope detector 602 and outputs acontrol signal 605 to the VVPS 604. In an alternative arrangement, theswitch select block 606 may receive the same control signal as is outputto the VVPS 604. The control signal 605 directs the VVPS 604 to adaptits switches as described previously with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12.

If the signal envelope is relatively high, a greater amount of voltagewill be required in the capacitors 108, 110. Therefore, in thisinstance, the switch select block 606 directs the VVPS 604 to userelatively wide switches. If the signal envelope is low, less voltage isrequired in the capacitors 108, 110. In this instance, the switch selectblock 606 directs the VVPS 604 to use relatively narrow switches, suchthat the switching losses in the VVPS 604 are minimized. As above, itwill be appreciated that multiple switches may be used, each having adifferent “width”.

Both amplifiers 500, 600 may be adapted so that the switch select block506, 606 takes into account both the signal envelope and the volume.This may be achieved in a number of ways. For example, the volume may beapplied to the envelope detector 502, 602 as described with reference toFIG. 7. That is, in the amplifier 600 the input signal may be modifiedby the volume before it is detected in the envelope detector 602 (forexample, the signal may be multiplied by the volume); or the controlsignal output from the envelope detector 602 to the switch select block606 may be modified by the volume (for example, the control signal maybe multiplied by the volume); or the control signal 605 output from theswitch select block 606 may be modified by the volume signal. In theamplifier 500, the envelope detector 502 may output a further controlsignal, indicative of the detected input signal envelope, to the switchselect block 506 such that both the envelope and the volume are takeninto account when generating the switch select control signal. Theperson skilled in the art will be able to think of a multitude of waysin which the volume, the envelope, and their combination may be used toalter the switches used in the VVPS.

Further, it may easily be seen by one skilled in the art thatapplication of volume, signal envelope, or their combination to a switchselect block will equally have benefits in a system with an analogueinput signal and an analogue amplifier. Thus, an analogue amplifier, forexample as described with reference to FIG. 4, would comprise a switchselect block as described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 13, and operatein essentially the same way.

FIG. 14 a shows a charge pump 1400 that is suitable for use as the VVPS104, 204, 304, 404, 504, 606 in any of FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13respectively. Further, the charge pump 1400 is also suitable for use asthe VVPS in any of the analogue equivalents of the amplifiers 200, 300,400, 500, 600.

FIG. 14 a is a block diagram of a novel inverting charge pump circuit,which we shall call a “Level Shifting Charge-Pump” (LSCP) 1400. Thereare two reservoir capacitors CR1 and CR2, a flying capacitor Cf and aswitch array 1410 controlled by a switch controller 1420. However, inthis arrangement, neither of the reservoir capacitors CR1, CR2 areconnected directly to the input supply voltage VDD, but only via theswitch array 1410. It should be noted that LSCP 1400 is configured as anopen-loop charge-pump, although a closed-loop arrangement would bereadily appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art.Therefore, LSCP 1400 relies on the respective loads (not illustrated)connected across each output N12-N11, N13-N11 remaining withinpredetermined constraints. The LSCP 1400 outputs two voltages Vout+,Vout− that are referenced to a common voltage supply (node N11), i.e.ground. Connected to the outputs Vout+, Vout−, N11, and shown forillustration only, is a load 1450. In reality this load 1450 may bewholly or partly located on the same chip as the power supply, oralternatively it may be located off-chip. The load 1450 is a combinationof the power amplifier 106 and the load 120.

LSCP 1400 operates such that, for an input voltage +VDD, the LSCP 1400generates outputs of magnitude +VDD/2 and −VDD/2 although when lightlyloaded, these levels will, in reality, be +/−VDD/2−Iload.Rload, whereIload equals the load current and Rload equals the load resistance. Itshould be noted that the magnitude (VDD) of output voltage across nodesN12 & N13 is the same, or is substantially the same, as that of theinput voltage (VDD) across nodes N10 & N11.

FIG. 14 b shows a more detailed version of the LSCP 1400 and, inparticular, detail of the switch array 1410 is shown. The switch array1410 comprises six switches S1-S6 each controlled by correspondingcontrol signal CS1-CS6 from the switch controller 1420. The switches arearranged such that first switch S1 is connected between the positiveplate of the flying capacitor Cf and the input voltage source, thesecond switch S2 between the positive plate of the flying capacitor andfirst output node N12, the third switch S3 between the positive plate ofthe flying capacitor and common terminal N11, the fourth switch S4between the negative plate of the flying capacitor and first output nodeN12, the fifth switch S5 between the negative plate of the flyingcapacitor and common terminal N11 and the sixth switch S6 between thenegative plate of the flying capacitor and second output terminal N13.It should be noted that the switches can be implemented in a number ofdifferent ways (for example, MOS transistor switches or MOS transmissiongate switches) depending upon, for example, an integrated circuitsprocess technology or the input and output voltage requirements.

FIG. 15 a shows a further charge pump 2400 that is suitable for use asthe VVPS 104, 204, 304, 404, 504, 606 in any of FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and13 respectively. Further, the charge pump 2400 is also suitable for useas the VVPS in any of the analogue equivalents of the amplifiers 200,300, 400, 500, 600.

FIG. 15 a is a block diagram of a novel inverting charge pump circuit,which we shall call a “Dual Mode Charge Pump” (DMCP) 2400. Again thereare two reservoir capacitors CR1 and CR2, a flying capacitor Cf and aswitch array 2410 controlled by a switch control module 420 (which maybe software or hardware implemented). In this arrangement, neither ofthe reservoir capacitors CR1, CR2 are connected directly to the inputsupply voltage VDD, but rather via the switch array 2410.

It should be noted that DMCP 2400 is configured as an open-loopcharge-pump, although a closed-loop arrangement would be readilyappreciated and understood by those skilled in the art. Therefore, DMCP2400 relies on the respective loads (not illustrated) connected acrosseach output N12-N11, N13-N11 remaining within predetermined constraints.The DMCP 2400 outputs two voltages Vout+, Vout− that are referenced to acommon voltage supply (node N11). Connected to the outputs Vout+, Vout−,N11, and shown for illustration only, is a load 2450. In reality thisload 2450 may be wholly or partly located on the same chip, as the powersupply, or alternatively it may be located off-chip. The load 2450 is acombination of the power amplifier 106 and the load 120.

DMCP 2400 is operable in two main modes. In a first mode the DMCP 400operates such that, for an input voltage +VDD, the DMCP 2400 generatesoutputs each of a magnitude which is a mathematical fraction of theinput voltage VDD. In the embodiment below the outputs generated in thisfirst mode are of magnitude +VDD/2 and −VDD/2, although when lightlyloaded, these levels will, in reality, be +/−VDD/2−Iload.Rload, whereIload equals the load current and Rload equals the load resistance. Itshould be noted that, in this case, the magnitude (VDD) of outputvoltage across nodes N12 & N13 is the same, or is substantially thesame, as that of the input voltage (VDD) across nodes N10 & N11. In asecond mode the DMCP 400 produces a dual rail output of +/−VDD.

FIG. 15 b shows a more detailed version of the DMCP 2400 and, inparticular, detail of the switch array 2410 is shown. The switch array2410 comprises six main switches S1-S6 each controlled by correspondingcontrol signal CS1-CS6 from the switch control module 2420. The switchesare arranged such that first switch S1 is connected between the positiveplate of the flying capacitor Cf and the input voltage source, thesecond switch S2 between the positive plate of the flying capacitor andfirst output node N12, the third switch S3 between the positive plate ofthe flying capacitor and common terminal N11, the fourth switch S4between the negative plate of the flying capacitor and first output nodeN12, the fifth switch S5 between the negative plate of the flyingcapacitor and common terminal N11 and the sixth switch S6 between thenegative plate of the flying capacitor and second output node N13.Optionally, there may be provided a seventh switch S7 (shown dotted),connected between the input voltage source (node N10) and first outputnode N12. Also shown in greater detail is the control module 2420 whichcomprises mode select circuit 2430 for deciding which controller 2420 a,2420 b or control program to use, thus determining which mode the DMCPoperates in. Alternatively, the mode select circuit 2430 and thecontrollers 2420 a, 2420 b can be implemented in a single circuit block(not illustrated).

In the first mode, switches S1-S6 are used and the DMCP 2400 operates ina similar manner to the LSCP 1400. In the second mode, switches S1-S3and S5-S6/S7 are used, and switch S4 is redundant.

It should be noted that the switches can be implemented in a number ofdifferent ways (for example, MOS transistor switches or MOS transmissiongate switches) depending upon, for example, an integrated circuit'sprocess technology or the input and output voltage requirements.

The amplifiers described herein are preferably incorporated in anintegrated circuit. For example, the integrated circuit may be part ofan audio and/or video system, such as an MP3 player, a mobile phone, acamera or a satellite navigation system, and the system can be portable(such as a battery-powered handheld system) or can be mains-powered(such as a hi-fi system or a television receiver) or can be an in-car,in-train, or in-plane entertainment system. Further to the signalsidentified, above, the signals amplified in the amplifier may representambient noise for use in a noise cancellation process.

The skilled person will recognise that some of the above-describedapparatus and methods may be embodied as processor control code, forexample on a carrier medium such as a disk, CD- or DVD-ROM, programmedmemory such as read only memory (firmware), or on a data carrier such asan optical or electrical signal carrier. For many applications,embodiments of the invention will be implemented on a DSP (digitalsignal processor), ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) orFPGA (field programmable gate array). Thus the code may compriseconventional program code or microcode or, for example code for settingup or controlling an ASIC or FPGA. The code may also comprise code fordynamically configuring re-configurable apparatus such asre-programmable logic gate arrays. Similarly the code may comprise codefor a hardware description language such as Verilog™ or VHDL (very highspeed integrated circuit hardware description language). As the skilledperson will appreciate, the code may be distributed between a pluralityof coupled components in communication with one another. Whereappropriate, the embodiments may also be implemented using code runningon a field-(re-)programmable analogue array or similar device in orderto configure analogue/digital hardware.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustraterather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art willbe able to design many alternative embodiments without departing fromthe scope of the appended claims. The word “comprising” does not excludethe presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim,“a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality, and a single processor orother unit may fulfil the functions of several units recited in theclaims. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed so asto limit their scope.

1-54. (canceled)
 55. An audio amplifier circuit, comprising: a firstinput, for receiving an audio input signal to be amplified; anamplifier, for amplifying the audio input signal; a clock generator forgenerating a clock signal having a frequency that varies in accordancewith a received volume control signal; and a charge pump comprising asecond input, said charge pump supplying at least one supply voltage tothe amplifier.
 56. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 55,wherein the circuit amplifies the audio input signal by a variable gain,said variable gain varying in accordance with the volume signal.
 57. Anaudio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 56, wherein said clocksignal frequency varies in accordance with the variable gain. 58-59.(canceled)
 60. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 86,wherein the input signal is modified based on the volume signal prior tothe envelope detector detecting the envelope of the input signal.
 61. Anaudio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 86, wherein the envelopedetector is adapted to adjust said control signal based on a volumecontrol signal.
 62. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 86,wherein the control signal is modified based on a volume control signalafter the control signal is output from the envelope detector. 63.(canceled)
 64. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 55,wherein said charge pump comprises: an input terminal for receiving aninput voltage; first and second output terminals; first and secondflying capacitor terminals; a switch network for interconnecting saidinput terminal, said first and second flying capacitor terminals andsaid first and second output terminals to generate a positive andnegative output voltage that are each substantially equal in magnitudeto half the magnitude of said input voltage.
 65. (canceled)
 66. An audioamplifier circuit as claimed in claim 56, wherein said charge pumpcomprises: an input terminal for receiving an input voltage; first andsecond output terminals; first and second flying capacitor terminals; aswitch network for interconnecting said input terminal, said first andsecond flying capacitor terminals and said first and second outputterminals to generate either a first positive output voltage and a firstnegative output voltage that are each substantially equal in magnitudeto the magnitude of the input voltage or a second positive outputvoltage and a second negative output voltage that are each substantiallyequal in magnitude to half the magnitude of said input voltage. 67-68.(canceled)
 69. An audio system, comprising an circuit as claimed inclaim
 55. 70-77. (canceled)
 78. A method of amplifying an audio signal,comprising: receiving an input signal; supplying at least one supplyvoltage from a charge to an amplifier; amplifying the audio input signalin the amplifier, generating a clock signal with a frequency that variesin accordance with a volume control signal; and using said clock signalto control switching of the charge pump. 79-83. (canceled)
 84. An audioamplifier circuit, comprising: a first input, for receiving an audioinput signal to be amplified; an amplifier for amplifying the audioinput signal; a clock generator for generating a clock signal having afrequency that varies in accordance with the audio input signal; and acharge pump having a second input for receiving said clock signal, andsaid charge pump supplying at least one supply voltage to the poweramplifier.
 85. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 84,further comprising: an envelope detector for detecting the envelope ofthe audio input signal; wherein the clock signal frequency varies withthe detected audio input signal envelope.
 86. An audio amplifier circuitas claimed in claim 85, wherein the envelope detector is further adaptedto output a control signal in accordance with the detected audio inputsignal envelope, and wherein the clock generator receives said controlsignal.
 87. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 85 whereinthe clock signal frequency further varies in accordance with a volumecontrol signal.
 88. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 87,comprising an amplifier configured to amplify the input signal by avariable gain, said variable gain varying in accordance with the volumecontrol signal.
 89. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 88,wherein said clock signal frequency varies in accordance with thevariable gain.
 90. (canceled)
 91. An audio amplifier circuit as claimedin claim 90, wherein said charge pump comprises: an input terminal forreceiving an input voltage; first and second output terminals; first andsecond flying capacitor terminals; a switch network for interconnectingsaid input terminal, said first and second flying capacitor terminalsand said first and second output terminals to generate a positive andnegative output voltage that are each substantially equal in magnitudeto half the magnitude of said input voltage.
 92. (canceled)
 93. An audioamplifier circuit as claimed in claim 91, wherein said charge pumpcomprises: an input terminal for receiving an input voltage; first andsecond output terminals; first and second flying capacitor terminals; aswitch network for interconnecting said input terminal, said first andsecond flying capacitor terminals and said first and second outputterminals to generate either a first positive output voltage and a firstnegative output voltage that are each substantially equal in magnitudeto the magnitude of the input voltage or a second positive outputvoltage and a second negative output voltage that are each substantiallyequal in magnitude to half the magnitude of said input voltage.
 94. Anaudio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 84, wherein said at leastone supply voltage is supplied to the power amplifier via a respectivecapacitor.
 95. (canceled)
 96. An audio system, comprising an audioamplifier as claimed in claim
 84. 97. An audio system as claimed inclaim 96, wherein the audio system is at least one of an MP3 player, amobile phone, a camera, a satellite navigation system, a portabledevice, a mains-powered device, an in-car, in-train or in-planeentertainment system. 98-104. (canceled)
 105. A method of amplifying anaudio signal, comprising: receiving an audio input signal; supplying atleast one supply voltage from a charge pump to an amplifier; andamplifying the audio input signal in the amplifier, generating a clocksignal with a frequency that varies in accordance with the audio inputsignal; and using said clock signal to control switching of the chargepump.
 106. A method as claimed in claim 105, further comprising:amplifying the audio input signal based on a volume control signal;wherein the frequency of said clock signal further varies with saidvolume control signal.
 107. A method as claimed in claim 105, furthercomprising: detecting the envelope of the audio input signal; whereinthe frequency of said clock signal varies with the detected envelope ofthe audio input signal.
 108. A method as claimed in claim 107, furthercomprising: outputting a control signal indicative of the detected audioinput signal envelope.
 109. A method as claimed in claim 108, whereinthe audio input signal is modified based on a volume control signalprior to detecting the envelope of the audio input signal.
 110. A methodas claimed in claim 108, wherein the control signal is modified based ona volume control signal after the control signal is output from theenvelope detector.
 111. An audio amplifier circuit comprising a chargepump that is controlled by a variable frequency clock signal.
 112. Anaudio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim 111, wherein the frequencyof said variable frequency clock signal varies in accordance with anaudio input signal.
 113. An audio amplifier circuit as claimed in claim111, wherein the frequency of said variable frequency clock signalvaries in accordance with a volume control signal.
 114. An audioamplifier circuit as claimed in claim 111, wherein the frequency of saidvariable frequency clock signal reduces when at least one of an audioinput single level and a volume control reduces in order to reduceswitching power losses.